Track 01 – Documentation, Preservation, Monitoring and Restoration

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https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/3607218

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3D Autonomous Agents for Virtual Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hegarty, Zackary; Guidi, Gabriele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating agent-based modeling (ABM) into virtual heritage, with a focus on simulating human behavior within philologically grounded 3D reconstructions of ancient spaces. Whereas traditional digital heritage projects have prioritized visual accuracy in architectural reconstructions, our approach introduces an experimental dimension by treating these virtual environments as testbeds for behavioral hypotheses. Drawing on advances in complex systems research, we propose a simulation framework that leverages symbolic artificial intelligence to generate emergent crowd behaviors under diverse historical, architectural, and social conditions. We outline a general methodological workflow for implementing ABM in virtual heritage using Unity3D with any reconstructive 3D model, and we illustrate this approach with examples from a previously published case study. This work contributes to the growing field of simulation-based research, promoting the use of complexity theory methodologies as a valuable epistemological tool in cultural heritage scholarship.
3D Technologies on the Underwater Archaeological Site of the Ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hairy, Isabelle; Abdelaziz, Mohamed; Elsayed, Mohamed; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Located in Alexandria, Egypt, the ancient Pharos ruins lie scattered across approximately 1.6 hectares under the Mediterranean Sea. Since 1994, the Centre d'Études Alexandrines (CEAlex), a research unit operating under the aegis of the CNRS, has been leading extensive studies of this complex submerged site with an international team of underwater archaeologists. Due to the scale of the work, scientists initiated a photogrammetry program in 2009 for studying and potentially reassembling the archaeological fragments. This effort expanded in 2013 with the creation of a digital twin of the entire site. Digital technologies have profoundly transformed the scientists' work, both in the field and during post-excavation analysis, opening new avenues for site analysis and research perspectives.
Automated Detection of Prehistoric Tumuli in the Sahara: A Deep Learning Approach to Satellite Imagery
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Brucato, Alessia; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This study focuses on the automated satellite-based identification, classification, and spatial interpretation of prehistoric tumuli in the Central Western Sahara. These dry-stone structures lie in environmentally and geopolitically challenging areas for fieldwork and are therefore largely understudied. They are commonly interpreted as funerary monuments, ritual installations, or territorial markers. Regardless of individual function, they often represent the only evidence of Mid- and Late Holocene nomadic Saharan pastoralists (reflecting identities, subsistence strategies, and mobility patterns) and frequently appear as recurrent visitation points near environmentally attractive areas such as pathways, pastures, rivers, and water ponds. Among the various types of Saharan dry-stone buildings, this study selects four specific archaeological classes, previously documented through fieldwork and remote sensing surveys, that are highly visible and recognizable in satellite imagery. The research adopts an innovative methodological framework combining High- and Very High-Resolution satellite datasets (optical, multispectral, and SAR-derived DEM), image enhancement techniques (spectral indices), a Deep Convolutional Neural Network, clustering methods, spatial analyses, and Least Cost Path modelling to systematically detect, classify, and interpret these features at a regional scale.
A cathedral of spatialised annotations portraying the multidisciplinary study of Notre Dame de Paris
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Roussel, Roxane; Luca, Livio De; Guillem, Anais; Comte, Florent; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This article examines annotation in the documentation field as more than a technical feature, framing it as a structured trace of expert activity embedded in spatial, temporal, and semantic contexts. Using the large scale, multidisciplinary worksite established after the 2019-fire at Notre-Dame de Paris, as a case study, it explores how annotations function as epistemic, multiscalar, and semantically rich knowledge objects that mediate observation, interpretation, and analysis. The interdisciplinary scientific worksite provides a unique setting to test large-scale annotation practices, with hundreds of scientists from diverse disciplines converging around a shared object of study, and address challenges in tool integration, terminology, and workflows. The study focuses on semantic annotation work conducted via the aïoli platform, a web-based 3D annotation tool, analyzing a corpus of 14,000 annotations linked to over 135,000 spatialized images.
Corpus-Based SKOS Development for Underrepresented and Endangered Ukrainian Epigraphic Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Tamrazyan, Hamest; Boros, Emanuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper presents a corpus-based methodology for developing SKOS vocabularies tailored to Ukrainian epigraphy. Grounded in local academic traditions, the framework focuses on three domains: Inscriptions, Types of Inscriptions, and Execution Techniques. Terms were extracted using NLP tools and analyzed through a form/content/function and material/tool/method model. While the vocabulary is still in development, the classification framework is complete. It reflects regional epistemologies while ensuring interoperability with FAIR and EAGLE ontologies. This project contributes to digital heritage practices by promoting culturally sensitive, scalable classification of inscriptions from conflict-affected or historically marginalized contexts.
Cultural Heritage Dissemination Via Websites - Case Studies
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Skulimowski, Stanislaw Piotr; Badurowicz, Marcin; Zyła, Kamil; Tokarski, Piotr; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This study examines the interplay between web portal architecture, user engagement, and the efficacy of cultural heritage dissemination through an analysis of three heritage-focused web portals, that are presenting results of digitisation efforts undertaken by employees of the Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, being: Silk Road 3D, Carpatia 3D, and Polish Heritage 3D. While advanced technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) enhance experiential depth for specialized audiences, literature identify intuitive navigation, coherent content organization, and strategic multimedia integration as critical drivers of sustained user interaction. The portals, developed via WordPress CMS with custom plugins and support for multiple languages, emphasize accessibility, inclusivity, and multilingualism to broaden reach. Analytical data spanning several years reveal that niche content differentiation limits audience scalability, underscoring the need for enhanced SEO strategies and supplementary contextual materials. The findings offer actionable insights for developers and researchers aiming to optimize digital platforms for cultural heritage preservation and global engagement.
Digital Heritage 2025: Frontmatter
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Digital Inpainting of Damaged Frescoes Using a Fine-Tuned Diffusion Model
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Smolka, Milena; Smolka, Bogdan; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Frescoes are a vital part of cultural heritage, but they are increasingly deteriorating due to environmental and human factors. Traditional restoration methods are costly, labor-intensive, and may risk compromising the original artwork-particularly when the damaged content is uncertain. These challenges highlight the need for innovative approaches that can complement conventional techniques. This paper explores the application of a deep learning-based method for the virtual restoration of frescoes. The focus is on image inpainting, a process that fills in missing fragments by leveraging information from the undamaged parts of the image, while preserving consistency in texture, color, and artistic style. When enhanced by deep learning models, this approach enables the generation of realistic reconstructions, even for areas where the original appearance is unknown. The study evaluates the effectiveness of fine-tuned models in restoring both minor and major damage, such as small cracks and missing sections, using different sets of hyperparameters. Model performance was assessed using a combination of objective quality metrics and subjective evaluations. Additionally, an intuitive web-based tool was developed to make the restoration process more accessible and user-friendly.
Digital Recording of the Domus of Arianna in Pompeii: Toward a HBIM Platform for Site Management
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Oreni, Daniela; Jovanovic, Dina; Barazzetti, Luigi; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Techniques and digital devices, which provide precise survey and analysis, today predominantly support cultural heritage investigation. However, achieving the required level of accuracy and geometrical representation necessitates the integration of diverse data sources. The data acquisition aided the creation of the complex 3D model, which decomposition, codification, and organisation had to be led by the norms and standards. Subsequently, the project aims to develop and test a Heritage Building Model (HBIM) digital platform for the management of the archaeological sites of Pompeii, designed to integrate the requirements of conservation and enhancement of the built heritage. The outcome of the research is a scalable and interoperable 3D digital environment, structured and linked to data repository. The Domus of Arianna in Pompeii Archological Park serves as the pilot case for the platform's development.
Digital tools and conservation processes: Tomaso Buzzi's staircase at Palazzo D'Azeglio in Turin
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Bonito, Gerardo; Sammartano, Giulia; Novelli, Francesco; Chiabrando, Filiberto; Patrucco, Giacomo; Li, Xinchen; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The proposed research refers to the documentation of the grand staircase of Palazzo D'Azeglio in Turin, designed between 1953 and 1957 by the Lombard-born architect Tomaso Buzzi. The awareness of the identity value expressed by Buzzi's work makes its preservation urgent, the first step of which is the knowledge stage for a long-term conservation. The integration of historical sources and direct investigation allows for a more complete description of Buzzi's intervention, highlighting his design choices and relationship with the existing building, so as to guide future restoration work toward more conscious choices. The complexity of the object related to the geometry, the light conditions and materials and surfaces of the decorative apparatus, required an integrated methodology based on 3D metric survey with the use of advanced laser digital technologies. The topographic survey organizes the refence systems and measures a set of point coordinates to co-register and validate the accuracy of the 3D model. The 3D scanning of the space benefits from the combined use of static and mobile scanner, that has been used in the connection between the narrow spaces of the underground environments and the main volume. Through the presented workflow, as a preliminary part of the research and consultancy project, it was thus possible to analyse and describe the geometric, architectural and decorative complexity of the staircase, also in connection with historical phases of the building and archival documents and drawings related to the Buzzi's project, and providing the essential basis for subsequent studies and conservation and enhancement actions.
Digitisation of the Plaster Casts of Lia and Rachele from the Tomb of Julius II by Michelangelo: Methodological Workflow for Data Collection and Photogrammetric Acquisition Processes
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Vaccari, Giulia; Grimaudo, Giovanni; Niccolai, Federico; Ciani, Juri; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This article describes the process for the digitisation through photogrammetric acquisition of the plaster casts of Lia and Rachele from Julius II, located inside the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy. Preserved at the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence (ABAFi), these casts have historical and educational significance and are a distinctive feature of a unique institution. The study aims to develop a photogrammetric acquisition that incorporates innovative practices using accessible tools within an academic setting. A protocol has been organized into phases to plan, manage, and standardise the digitisation of ABAFi's sculptural heritage.
Epigraphy in Motion: Deciphering Armenia's Tapanakar Inscriptions via Mobile LiDAR
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Shord, Zachary; Roy, Marley; Grigoryan, Zara; Yeghiazaryan, Anahit; Baghdasaryan, Satenik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The vibrant and largely untold histories of ancient Armenian ancestors, as depicted in tapanakars found across Armenian cemeteries, face the threat of erasure. This research initiative is dedicated to the documentation and preservation of these important cultural narratives by harnessing modern mobile technology, specifically employing photogrammetry and LiDAR capabilities available in current iPhone models. This technological application facilitated the acquisition of 54 new scans from various regions in Armenia, each rigorously analyzed and supplemented with detailed descriptions to provide insights into their historical and cultural context. In collaboration with experts in symbolism and iconography, this study undertook a comprehensive interpretive analysis of the carvings on these monuments. These efforts culminated in creating a robust database that not only archives visual and textual information but also serves as an invaluable tool for scholars and archaeologists engaged in research and preservation activities. Furthermore, the integration of photogrammetry and LiDAR in smartphone technology establishes a versatile and accessible approach to data collection, making these tools especially suitable for fieldwork under diverse conditions. This advanced database also provides a foundation for the development of artificial intelligence models aimed at reconstructing fragmented or incomplete monuments virtually. By leveraging these technologies, we aim to restore, preserve, and animate the forgotten stories embodied in the tapanakars, ensuring their continued relevance and accessibility for future generations.
Filling the gap. The Challenge of loss and two outcomes of the Mapping Sacred Spaces Project
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Longo, Ruggero; Scirocco, Elisabetta; Gianandrea, Manuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The Mapping Sacred Spaces Project addresses the reconstruction of medieval sacred architecture in Southern Italy, with a particular focus on the critical loss of liturgical furnishings and their contextual significance. Through the transformative power of digital humanities, this project embraces interdisciplinary approaches to effectively fill the gaps left by historical damage and the passage of time. Employing advanced digital methodologies, the project meticulously recreates and analyses the interactions between space, objects, and ritual practices, thereby dramatically enhancing our understanding of the region's rich artistic and cultural heritage. Significantly, hermeneutic and heuristic issues arise in creating digital models that aim to fill in gaps. Two case studies pertaining to the Monreale Cathedral and the Abbey Church of Montecassino exhibit both the potential and the limits of digital approaches.
From HBIM to Digital Twins: An Interoperable Framework for Semantic Knowledge Integration and Dynamic Monitoring of Historic Buildings
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Becker, Sabrina; Niño, Laura Valderrama; Rüppel, Uwe; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has established itself as a promising approach for the digital documentation and management of cultural heritage. However, there remain fundamental challenges in terms of semantic depth, interoperability, and the dynamic updatability of such models. This paper proposes a multi-layered framework that integrates a geometry-based HBIM model with ontological knowledge representation, external linked data sources, and sensor-based monitoring. Based on open standards such as IFC, ifcOWL, and CIDOC CRM, a concept for a semantically enriched digital twin is developed, which processes both static information and dynamic environmental and condition data. The framework enables context-based analyses, predictive conservation strategies, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. Using a prototype framework, methodological advantages, technological challenges, and future development fields are discussed. The paper thus contributes an integrative impulse to the further development of data-driven, sustainable heritage conservation within the context of digital cultural heritage infrastructures.
Hidden Heritage: The E-FORESTER Project as a New Opportunity to Search for Relics of Past Human Activities in Forests
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rączkowski, Włodzimierz; Konatowska, Monika; Rutkowski, Paweł; Młynarczyk, Adam; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Archaeologists frequently turn to technological solutions developed in other scientific disciplines. This enables the expansion of the methodological spectrum used at various stages of the research process. In traditional archaeological thinking, the acquisition of empirical data forms the foundation for all subsequent activities-analytical, interpretative, and conservation- related. The E-FORESTER project, launched in 2024 and primarily focused on forest environments, also opens up new perspectives for archaeology.
Hypothetical Reconstruction for the Conservation, Preservation and Valorisation of Cultural Heritage: the Kampanopetra Basilica in Salamis, Cyprus
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Faka, Marina; Orabi, Rahaf; Tsagka, Anastasia; Papageorgiou, Andreani; Vassallo, Valentina; Hermon, Sorin; Bakirtzis, Nikolas; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This article describes a digital documentation and visualization project pursued by the Andreas Pittas Art Characterization (APAC) Laboratories of the Science & Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center (STARC) in the framework of the work of the Technical Committee for Cultural Heritage (TCCH), funded by the EU and implemented by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Cyprus. Its aim was to create a hypothetical 3D (virtual reconstruction and maquette) of the Kampanopetra basilica in ancient Salamis, one of the largest Early Christian churches in Cyprus. The basilica complex is an archaeological site excavated more than 50 years ago and in need of continuous conservation and special protection. The 3D outcome is useful to map the present state of preservation, for its future conservation and cultural valorisation. The workflow included 3D on-site documentation with image and range-based techniques combined with topographic measurements. The 3D hypothetical reconstruction model included 3 main parts, the documentation process, the authoring process and the integration of the model within the collaborative platform. The 3D reconstruction benefitted from the plans and drawings included in the archaeological report, combined with the utilization of the 3D documentation of the site along with comparative material - namely examples of contemporary basilica structures in Cyprus and the broader Eastern Mediterranean basin. The produced Reconstruction Models are hosted in two different Web Viewers, the 3D HOP and ATON. The research team pursues key questions, research problems and innovative approaches in archaeology and cultural heritage through the application of advanced science and technology and integrated expertise in humanities, digital heritage and visualisation. The hypothetical reconstruction provides a general visualization which can be used to inform the general public but also to provide the basis for its systematic and archaeologically detailed representation in the future.
Infrared Reflectography of the Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Improta, Ilaria; Marra, Maristella; Vitulli, Sara; Zaccaria, Alessia; Peluso, Sabrina; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This study presents the results of the diagnostic imaging analyses conducted on the panel painting Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto, specifically infrared (IR) reflectography and false-color infrared (IRFC) imaging. These investigations allowed for the examination of the layers beneath the pictorial surface and provided preliminary insights into the pigments employed by the artist. Infrared reflectography revealed previously unseen images of the underdrawing, uncovering significant compositional changes. False-colour infrared imaging contributed to the reconstruction of the artist's palette, confirming the use of high-quality pigments, indicative of a prestigious commission. The integration of non-invasive diagnostic techniques and historical-artistic research provided essential insights into the artist's painting method, contributing - through a multidisciplinary approach - to the interpretation of the first dated artwork within Lorenzo Lotto's pictorial corpus.
A Knowledge Graph for Andean Ritual Heritage: Structuring the Chunchada Dance in Honor of the Virgin of Rosario (Paucartambo, Peru)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Meza, Dina Cornejo; Zúñiga, Javier Vera; Cuadros, Carmen Gutiérrez; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
We present a knowledge graph to document the Chunchada-a women-led ritual dance in honor of the Virgin of Rosario in Paucartambo, Peru. Using oral testimonies, archival data, and AI-based extraction, we reveal ritual relations through graph analysis and community curation. The project exemplifies a hybrid approach to intangible heritage preservation, combining graph mining and community-driven data curation to facilitate both academic insight and public engagement.
Low-Cost Digital Organization, Digitization and Valorization of Small Archives: The Jewish Archive of Pisa
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) D'Errico, Andrea; Diana, Francesca Valentina; Giovanna, Silvia Di; Duca, Angelica Lo; Marchetti, Andrea; Moretti, Manuela; Toniazzi, Mafalda; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The Historical Archive of the Jewish Community in Pisa holds an underrepresented documentary heritage comprising several documents spanning centuries. Due to limited resources, this lesser-known heritage's digital organization, preservation, and valorization posed significant challenges. This paper presents a low-cost, sustainable strategy for digital organization and the preservation, documentation, and dissemination of this cultural asset. The project began with recovering and converting an obsolete digital inventory into an open, standard CSV format, enabling more effective data management and visualization. Selected portions of the archive, particularly the most frequently consulted and fragile documents, were digitized using cost-effective techniques, including cameras and A3 and A4 scanners. Some records were transcribed and partially analyzed using generative AI tools and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. A dedicated website based on WordPress, integrated with a secure server infrastructure, was developed to provide online access to the digital collections and their metadata. This case study shows how low-cost digital technologies can facilitate the preservation and valorization of small archives, ensuring long-term accessibility while mitigating risks of physical degradation.
Low-Cost LiDAR Sensors for the Survey of Underground Cultural Heritage: applications on the Siena Bottini (Italy)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rossi, Gioele; Ceccotti, Paolo; Troilo, Maria Elena Di; Gabbrielli, Fabio; Giamello, Marco; Tavarnelli, Enrico; Tizzani, Antonio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The 3D survey of underground systems is an important tool for geometric surveys, thematic mapping, documentation of the state of conservation, monitoring, planning of restoration and maintenance interventions, safety and use. The aim of the research is to test an innovative, economical, rapid and non-invasive system for the survey of underground environments. An example of an underground system is that of the bottini Senesi, a set of tunnels present in the subsoil of the city of Siena for a total development of 25 km. These ancient underground environments, created in the past for the supply and distribution of drinking water in the city of Siena, represent a complex and articulated structure, and constitute an important hidden heritage of the city. Inside them it is difficult to use topographic survey tools, 3D scanners and RTK (Real-Time Kinematics) due to lack of space, brightness and satellite coverage. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology integrated into Apple iPhone PRO devices was therefore used in some sections of the bottini, where the technologies grouped in a single instrument, which are based on photogrammetry, on LiDAR laser pulses and on data processing through triangular meshing, allow for rapid three-dimensional surveys. The detail of the scans was obtained with the use of an electronic stabilizer, for better fluidity in the survey, and of a LED light for intense and homogeneous illumination. All integrated with metric evaluations carried out with the aid of an electronic range finder to verify the measurements taken. The results present clear colours and shapes, despite the presence of a planimetric deviation of a few centimetres given by various factors such as too sudden scanning movements, lack of effective lighting and/or distant positioning of the photogrammetry targets. The adoption of LiDAR technology on mobile devices, therefore, represents a significant step in the documentation and protection of underground systems, such as the Bottini Senesi, characterized by difficult logistical conditions of detection, and offers new tools for the knowledge and conservation of cultural heritage. The integration of a detailed 3D model with GIS software and 3D modeling platforms facilitates historical, archaeological, geological and structural analysis, supporting and documenting maintenance, restoration and conservation interventions. The data collected can also be used for scientific dissemination and the enhancement of heritage, also through digital reconstructions and virtual tours.

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