Track 01 – Documentation, Preservation, Monitoring and Restoration

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    Digital Recording of the Domus of Arianna in Pompeii: Toward a HBIM Platform for Site Management
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Oreni, Daniela; Jovanovic, Dina; Barazzetti, Luigi; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Techniques and digital devices, which provide precise survey and analysis, today predominantly support cultural heritage investigation. However, achieving the required level of accuracy and geometrical representation necessitates the integration of diverse data sources. The data acquisition aided the creation of the complex 3D model, which decomposition, codification, and organisation had to be led by the norms and standards. Subsequently, the project aims to develop and test a Heritage Building Model (HBIM) digital platform for the management of the archaeological sites of Pompeii, designed to integrate the requirements of conservation and enhancement of the built heritage. The outcome of the research is a scalable and interoperable 3D digital environment, structured and linked to data repository. The Domus of Arianna in Pompeii Archological Park serves as the pilot case for the platform's development.
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    Novel Documentation and Identification Methods for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods - ENIGMA Pilot Case Studies
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Georgiadis, Charalampos; Mols, Nick M. L.; Vastenhoud, Chris; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The EU-funded ENIGMA project develops innovative methods and tools to enhance cultural heritage safeguarding, protection, and provenance management, specifically targeting the illicit trafficking of cultural goods. This paper presents two initial pilot case studies that evaluate and validate the project's developments. Pilot Case 1 focuses on novel documentation of museum items using the Unique Authenticity Identifier to improve traceability. Pilot Case 2 investigates the identification and tracking of unregistered cultural goods by employing advanced technologies and AI to uncover connections with known inventoried objects. The pilots scrutinize operational scenarios, user profiles, and initial object selection consisting of figurines from the Royal Museums of Art and History (KMKG). Preliminary findings suggest ENIGMA tools demonstrate their potential as a prototype solution, with resilient and adaptable workflows for various user groups. Future work includes integrating the complete tool suite into the ENIGMA Decision Support Platform and implementing further pilot cases.
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    Textile Photography with Pixel Shift Multi Shooting for Merdeka Textile Museum Archival Project
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Santano, Delas; Zainuddin, Maslisa; James, Melissa Ann Marie; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    For the purposes of this paper, we will be discussing and presenting workflow related to the textile digitization processes for the upcoming Merdeka Textile Museum (MTM), Malaysia. This collection of textiles is part of the personal collection of the late Sharifah Azah Syed Mohammad Alsagoff or fondly known as Azah Aziz who is renowned for championing knowledge of Malay textiles and costumes. These textiles date back to the 1900s and continue into the 2000s, some of which are fragile and decaying due to age and natural conditions. All textiles gathered are of those associated with the Malay world, which employ a variety of production methods such as weaving, embroidery and printing on cotton, silk and other materials in their creation. Taking into consideration the fragility and intricacy of these textiles, parts of the digitization process are impacted because they present a variety of challenges, for instance, the reflective nature of the golden yarn under direct light source. Our paper presentation will cover the workflow, beginning with the handling of the textiles and continuing through to the lighting and camera setup. We will discuss the technical decisions that we made to use the Sony camera for the Pixel Shift Multi Shooting techniques. In addition, the paper will also discuss the post-processing works that were performed on the files that were generated in order to get them ready for archiving, both online and offline as part of the digital heritage preservation causes in collaboration with MTM. The museum, which is a project of the subsidiary of Permodalan Nasional Bhd (PNB) known as PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn. Bhd. will house 240 pieces of textiles and costumes, along with 69 pieces of jewelry that belonged to Azah Aziz. Through this collection as well as references to traditional Malay literature, the MTM will offer a distinctive curatorial perspective on textiles from around the world that are of Malay origin for public knowledge and consumption as part of its efforts to promote and preserve Malay culture and heritage.
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    Digital Inpainting of Damaged Frescoes Using a Fine-Tuned Diffusion Model
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Smolka, Milena; Smolka, Bogdan; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Frescoes are a vital part of cultural heritage, but they are increasingly deteriorating due to environmental and human factors. Traditional restoration methods are costly, labor-intensive, and may risk compromising the original artwork-particularly when the damaged content is uncertain. These challenges highlight the need for innovative approaches that can complement conventional techniques. This paper explores the application of a deep learning-based method for the virtual restoration of frescoes. The focus is on image inpainting, a process that fills in missing fragments by leveraging information from the undamaged parts of the image, while preserving consistency in texture, color, and artistic style. When enhanced by deep learning models, this approach enables the generation of realistic reconstructions, even for areas where the original appearance is unknown. The study evaluates the effectiveness of fine-tuned models in restoring both minor and major damage, such as small cracks and missing sections, using different sets of hyperparameters. Model performance was assessed using a combination of objective quality metrics and subjective evaluations. Additionally, an intuitive web-based tool was developed to make the restoration process more accessible and user-friendly.
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    Survey and Digital Representation of the Statue of San Carlo Borromeo in Arona to Support Conservation Activities
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Oreni, Daniela; Barazzetti, Luigi; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The project aims to create a digital model that supports diagnostic, conservation, restoration, consolidation, and maintenance activities related to the Colossus of San Carlo Borromeo. The first phase focused on the accurate digital documentation of the Colossus's exterior surfaces using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning technology. A subsequent phase-currently in progress-is dedicated to the survey and digital representation of the complex internal and external metal structure that supports the riveted copper plates.
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    3D Technologies on the Underwater Archaeological Site of the Ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hairy, Isabelle; Abdelaziz, Mohamed; Elsayed, Mohamed; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Located in Alexandria, Egypt, the ancient Pharos ruins lie scattered across approximately 1.6 hectares under the Mediterranean Sea. Since 1994, the Centre d'Études Alexandrines (CEAlex), a research unit operating under the aegis of the CNRS, has been leading extensive studies of this complex submerged site with an international team of underwater archaeologists. Due to the scale of the work, scientists initiated a photogrammetry program in 2009 for studying and potentially reassembling the archaeological fragments. This effort expanded in 2013 with the creation of a digital twin of the entire site. Digital technologies have profoundly transformed the scientists' work, both in the field and during post-excavation analysis, opening new avenues for site analysis and research perspectives.
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    Monitoring Cultural Heritage in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: The Mission and Methods of Cultural Heritage Watch (CHW)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Smith, Adam T.; Lindsay, Ian; Khatchadourian, Lori; Ghulyan, Husik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper discusses satellite-based monitoring of cultural heritage sites in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus, which for decades has been the center of a long-simmering territorial and ethnic conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Following the ceasefire that concluded the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in fall 2020, the co-authors formed CHW to address the lack of evidence- based documentation of past and present abuses of cultural heritage in this intractable conflict.
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    Hidden Heritage: The E-FORESTER Project as a New Opportunity to Search for Relics of Past Human Activities in Forests
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rączkowski, Włodzimierz; Konatowska, Monika; Rutkowski, Paweł; Młynarczyk, Adam; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Archaeologists frequently turn to technological solutions developed in other scientific disciplines. This enables the expansion of the methodological spectrum used at various stages of the research process. In traditional archaeological thinking, the acquisition of empirical data forms the foundation for all subsequent activities-analytical, interpretative, and conservation- related. The E-FORESTER project, launched in 2024 and primarily focused on forest environments, also opens up new perspectives for archaeology.
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    Epigraphy in Motion: Deciphering Armenia's Tapanakar Inscriptions via Mobile LiDAR
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Shord, Zachary; Roy, Marley; Grigoryan, Zara; Yeghiazaryan, Anahit; Baghdasaryan, Satenik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The vibrant and largely untold histories of ancient Armenian ancestors, as depicted in tapanakars found across Armenian cemeteries, face the threat of erasure. This research initiative is dedicated to the documentation and preservation of these important cultural narratives by harnessing modern mobile technology, specifically employing photogrammetry and LiDAR capabilities available in current iPhone models. This technological application facilitated the acquisition of 54 new scans from various regions in Armenia, each rigorously analyzed and supplemented with detailed descriptions to provide insights into their historical and cultural context. In collaboration with experts in symbolism and iconography, this study undertook a comprehensive interpretive analysis of the carvings on these monuments. These efforts culminated in creating a robust database that not only archives visual and textual information but also serves as an invaluable tool for scholars and archaeologists engaged in research and preservation activities. Furthermore, the integration of photogrammetry and LiDAR in smartphone technology establishes a versatile and accessible approach to data collection, making these tools especially suitable for fieldwork under diverse conditions. This advanced database also provides a foundation for the development of artificial intelligence models aimed at reconstructing fragmented or incomplete monuments virtually. By leveraging these technologies, we aim to restore, preserve, and animate the forgotten stories embodied in the tapanakars, ensuring their continued relevance and accessibility for future generations.
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    Low-Cost Digital Organization, Digitization and Valorization of Small Archives: The Jewish Archive of Pisa
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) D'Errico, Andrea; Diana, Francesca Valentina; Giovanna, Silvia Di; Duca, Angelica Lo; Marchetti, Andrea; Moretti, Manuela; Toniazzi, Mafalda; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The Historical Archive of the Jewish Community in Pisa holds an underrepresented documentary heritage comprising several documents spanning centuries. Due to limited resources, this lesser-known heritage's digital organization, preservation, and valorization posed significant challenges. This paper presents a low-cost, sustainable strategy for digital organization and the preservation, documentation, and dissemination of this cultural asset. The project began with recovering and converting an obsolete digital inventory into an open, standard CSV format, enabling more effective data management and visualization. Selected portions of the archive, particularly the most frequently consulted and fragile documents, were digitized using cost-effective techniques, including cameras and A3 and A4 scanners. Some records were transcribed and partially analyzed using generative AI tools and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. A dedicated website based on WordPress, integrated with a secure server infrastructure, was developed to provide online access to the digital collections and their metadata. This case study shows how low-cost digital technologies can facilitate the preservation and valorization of small archives, ensuring long-term accessibility while mitigating risks of physical degradation.
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    Low-Cost LiDAR Sensors for the Survey of Underground Cultural Heritage: applications on the Siena Bottini (Italy)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rossi, Gioele; Ceccotti, Paolo; Troilo, Maria Elena Di; Gabbrielli, Fabio; Giamello, Marco; Tavarnelli, Enrico; Tizzani, Antonio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The 3D survey of underground systems is an important tool for geometric surveys, thematic mapping, documentation of the state of conservation, monitoring, planning of restoration and maintenance interventions, safety and use. The aim of the research is to test an innovative, economical, rapid and non-invasive system for the survey of underground environments. An example of an underground system is that of the bottini Senesi, a set of tunnels present in the subsoil of the city of Siena for a total development of 25 km. These ancient underground environments, created in the past for the supply and distribution of drinking water in the city of Siena, represent a complex and articulated structure, and constitute an important hidden heritage of the city. Inside them it is difficult to use topographic survey tools, 3D scanners and RTK (Real-Time Kinematics) due to lack of space, brightness and satellite coverage. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology integrated into Apple iPhone PRO devices was therefore used in some sections of the bottini, where the technologies grouped in a single instrument, which are based on photogrammetry, on LiDAR laser pulses and on data processing through triangular meshing, allow for rapid three-dimensional surveys. The detail of the scans was obtained with the use of an electronic stabilizer, for better fluidity in the survey, and of a LED light for intense and homogeneous illumination. All integrated with metric evaluations carried out with the aid of an electronic range finder to verify the measurements taken. The results present clear colours and shapes, despite the presence of a planimetric deviation of a few centimetres given by various factors such as too sudden scanning movements, lack of effective lighting and/or distant positioning of the photogrammetry targets. The adoption of LiDAR technology on mobile devices, therefore, represents a significant step in the documentation and protection of underground systems, such as the Bottini Senesi, characterized by difficult logistical conditions of detection, and offers new tools for the knowledge and conservation of cultural heritage. The integration of a detailed 3D model with GIS software and 3D modeling platforms facilitates historical, archaeological, geological and structural analysis, supporting and documenting maintenance, restoration and conservation interventions. The data collected can also be used for scientific dissemination and the enhancement of heritage, also through digital reconstructions and virtual tours.
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    Preventive and planned conservation: an algorithm for the analysis and evaluation of degradation phenomena in Cultural Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Improta, Ilaria; Lanzara, Emanuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This research presents an algorithm for the assessment of deterioration risks and the planning of preventive conservation actions. The proposed system is based on systematic collection and analysis of key parameters, including the type of support, conservation history, restoration techniques, environmental conditions and other factors that may influence the material stability of Cultural Heritage over time. The methodological approach involves several phases: data collection, risk factor analysis, assignment of reference values to each significant variable and graphic visualization of conservation status and associated risk level through chromatic gradients. The algorithm enables the calculation of an overall risk score through a weighted evaluation system that integrates mathematical equations with a scoring approach reflecting the relative importance of each parameter. Currently implemented as an Excel®-based application, the system is designed to be accessible to restorers and conservation professionals in interoperability with integrated advanced digital ecosystems/Information systems (BIM/HBIM-CAD and VPL). Visual parametric representation facilitates communication of complex information. As a dynamic and scenario-driven tool, the algorithm requires regular updates to maintain its effectiveness across varying environmental and conservation contexts. The algorithm has been tested on a sample of artworks restored and monitored over the past five years, including significant works by Titian, Lorenzo Lotto and Luca Giordano. These case studies, museum collections, historic interiors and open-air monuments, have allowed for the verification of the system's ability to detect vulnerabilities and support tailored preventive conservation strategies. All data, analyses, and results are systematically recorded and managed within a dedicated information framework to ensure traceability and continuity of conservation management. The experimental application has confirmed the validity of the structured data-driven approach in identifying critical issues, prioritizing conservation actions and supporting informed decision-making.
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    Digital Heritage 2025: Frontmatter
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
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    Automated Detection of Prehistoric Tumuli in the Sahara: A Deep Learning Approach to Satellite Imagery
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Brucato, Alessia; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This study focuses on the automated satellite-based identification, classification, and spatial interpretation of prehistoric tumuli in the Central Western Sahara. These dry-stone structures lie in environmentally and geopolitically challenging areas for fieldwork and are therefore largely understudied. They are commonly interpreted as funerary monuments, ritual installations, or territorial markers. Regardless of individual function, they often represent the only evidence of Mid- and Late Holocene nomadic Saharan pastoralists (reflecting identities, subsistence strategies, and mobility patterns) and frequently appear as recurrent visitation points near environmentally attractive areas such as pathways, pastures, rivers, and water ponds. Among the various types of Saharan dry-stone buildings, this study selects four specific archaeological classes, previously documented through fieldwork and remote sensing surveys, that are highly visible and recognizable in satellite imagery. The research adopts an innovative methodological framework combining High- and Very High-Resolution satellite datasets (optical, multispectral, and SAR-derived DEM), image enhancement techniques (spectral indices), a Deep Convolutional Neural Network, clustering methods, spatial analyses, and Least Cost Path modelling to systematically detect, classify, and interpret these features at a regional scale.
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    3D Autonomous Agents for Virtual Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hegarty, Zackary; Guidi, Gabriele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating agent-based modeling (ABM) into virtual heritage, with a focus on simulating human behavior within philologically grounded 3D reconstructions of ancient spaces. Whereas traditional digital heritage projects have prioritized visual accuracy in architectural reconstructions, our approach introduces an experimental dimension by treating these virtual environments as testbeds for behavioral hypotheses. Drawing on advances in complex systems research, we propose a simulation framework that leverages symbolic artificial intelligence to generate emergent crowd behaviors under diverse historical, architectural, and social conditions. We outline a general methodological workflow for implementing ABM in virtual heritage using Unity3D with any reconstructive 3D model, and we illustrate this approach with examples from a previously published case study. This work contributes to the growing field of simulation-based research, promoting the use of complexity theory methodologies as a valuable epistemological tool in cultural heritage scholarship.
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    The RePAIR Project: Datasets for archaeological and restoration studies in Pompeii
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Zuchtriegel, Gabriel; Brunetto, Maria Antonella; Gravina, Elena; Napolitano, Maria Cristina; Ricciardi, Francesca Simona; Zambrano, Alessandra; Khoroshiltseva, Marina; Palmieri, Luca; Pelillo, Marcello; Vascon, Sebastiano; Elkin, Gur; Shahar, Ofir Itzhak; Ohayon, Yaniv; Alali, Nadav; Ben-Shahar, Ohad; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The work will focus on the RePAIR project, an acronym that means Reconstructing the Past: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics meets Cultural Heritage. The case study is the Archaeological Park of Pompeii in which the fragments of wall paintings from two buildings buried by the volcanic eruption of AD 79, the House of Painters at Work and of the Schola Armaturarum have been chosen as the focus of the project. We concentrated on developing an innovative technology to be used in the physical reconstruction of archaeological artefacts with the help of artificial intelligence and a robotic infrastructure. Two Datasets are used to allow the artificial intelligence to recognise the 3D volumes of each fragment and the iconography of the pompeian wall paintings.
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    Cultural Heritage Dissemination Via Websites - Case Studies
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Skulimowski, Stanislaw Piotr; Badurowicz, Marcin; Zyła, Kamil; Tokarski, Piotr; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This study examines the interplay between web portal architecture, user engagement, and the efficacy of cultural heritage dissemination through an analysis of three heritage-focused web portals, that are presenting results of digitisation efforts undertaken by employees of the Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, being: Silk Road 3D, Carpatia 3D, and Polish Heritage 3D. While advanced technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) enhance experiential depth for specialized audiences, literature identify intuitive navigation, coherent content organization, and strategic multimedia integration as critical drivers of sustained user interaction. The portals, developed via WordPress CMS with custom plugins and support for multiple languages, emphasize accessibility, inclusivity, and multilingualism to broaden reach. Analytical data spanning several years reveal that niche content differentiation limits audience scalability, underscoring the need for enhanced SEO strategies and supplementary contextual materials. The findings offer actionable insights for developers and researchers aiming to optimize digital platforms for cultural heritage preservation and global engagement.
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    Digitisation of the Plaster Casts of Lia and Rachele from the Tomb of Julius II by Michelangelo: Methodological Workflow for Data Collection and Photogrammetric Acquisition Processes
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Vaccari, Giulia; Grimaudo, Giovanni; Niccolai, Federico; Ciani, Juri; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This article describes the process for the digitisation through photogrammetric acquisition of the plaster casts of Lia and Rachele from Julius II, located inside the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy. Preserved at the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence (ABAFi), these casts have historical and educational significance and are a distinctive feature of a unique institution. The study aims to develop a photogrammetric acquisition that incorporates innovative practices using accessible tools within an academic setting. A protocol has been organized into phases to plan, manage, and standardise the digitisation of ABAFi's sculptural heritage.
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    Corpus-Based SKOS Development for Underrepresented and Endangered Ukrainian Epigraphic Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Tamrazyan, Hamest; Boros, Emanuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper presents a corpus-based methodology for developing SKOS vocabularies tailored to Ukrainian epigraphy. Grounded in local academic traditions, the framework focuses on three domains: Inscriptions, Types of Inscriptions, and Execution Techniques. Terms were extracted using NLP tools and analyzed through a form/content/function and material/tool/method model. While the vocabulary is still in development, the classification framework is complete. It reflects regional epistemologies while ensuring interoperability with FAIR and EAGLE ontologies. This project contributes to digital heritage practices by promoting culturally sensitive, scalable classification of inscriptions from conflict-affected or historically marginalized contexts.
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    Research on precise restoration of Thangka and Tibetan murals integrating contour drawing techniques
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Li, Mingxu; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Chinese murals and Thangka paintings are crucial elements of traditional culture and have occupied a central position in religious practices. However, these artworks are increasingly threatened by natural deterioration and human interventions. Although current restoration methods have adopted data-driven regeneration paradigms, these models are trained to reconstruct appearances based on learned statistical patterns, yet often overlook the symbolic and semantic layers intrinsic to the artworks. In response, we propose a line-drawing guided restoration framework. Functioning as an aid rather than a substitute for human expertise, our model generates structure-preserving suggestions that assist human restorers in accurately reconstructing damaged artworks. The model employs encoders capable of capturing features from both original Thangka images and their corresponding line drawings, mapping them into a discrete latent space for further processing. Subsequently, a decoder synthesizes restored images from these fused representations, achieving faithful inpainting. Evaluation on datasets of Thangka paintings demonstrates that, compared to state-of-the-art methods, our approach achieves maximum reductions of 58.5% in MAE and 63.8% in LPIPS, coupled with SSIM improvement reaching 44.0%. These findings substantiate the efficacy of our method in preserving intricate details and improving visual coherence, supporting more faithful cultural preservation.