DH2025 - Digital Heritage International Congress 2025

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Browsing DH2025 - Digital Heritage International Congress 2025 by Subject "aided design"

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    Application of LiDAR Sensors for the Reconstruction of the Production Techniques of Artificial Conglomerate Blocks: the Case of the Maconi Tower - Siena (Italy)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rossi, Gioele; Bruttini, Jacopo; Camporeale, Stefano; Gabbrielli, Fabio; Giamello, Marco; Tavarnelli, Enrico; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The Maconi tower, dating back to around the 12th century and belonging to one of the leading families of medieval Siena, is characterised, in its internal and external façades, by a wall made of limestone blocks, reused bricks and large blocks of artificial conglomerate. The latter, the subject of this research and also visible in other buildings in the city, are parallelepiped in shape and are made of mortar and angular stone elements, with a texture that varies depending on the size and shape of the aggregates, as well as the processing of the blocks themselves. The aim of the research was to verify the effectiveness of new three-dimensional survey methodologies for the documentation and morphological analysis of artificial conglomerate blocks, in order to understand the production system of the latter. To this end, the LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology integrated into Apple IPhone PRO devices was used, with which it was possible to obtain detailed 3D scans with the help of a free application and an electronic stabilizer, all accompanied by measurements with traditional systems (comb profiler), used to verify the method. The study concerned, in particular, the evaluation of the roughness of the external surface of the blocks, or the three-dimensional shape of the external faces, as a possible indicator for understanding the methods of construction and processing. The analysis of the surface texture, obtained through three-dimensional scanning, highlighted two types of surfaces in relation to the variation values between the level of the mortar and the top of the stone elements: the first type shows a significant variation, while the second has a more contained difference, indicating a different degree of irregularity. The investigations conducted allowed us to quantify the roughness of the artificial conglomerate blocks, highlighting variations compatible with different exposure to atmospheric agents and/or different construction methods.
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    Low-Cost LiDAR Sensors for the Survey of Underground Cultural Heritage: applications on the Siena Bottini (Italy)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rossi, Gioele; Ceccotti, Paolo; Troilo, Maria Elena Di; Gabbrielli, Fabio; Giamello, Marco; Tavarnelli, Enrico; Tizzani, Antonio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The 3D survey of underground systems is an important tool for geometric surveys, thematic mapping, documentation of the state of conservation, monitoring, planning of restoration and maintenance interventions, safety and use. The aim of the research is to test an innovative, economical, rapid and non-invasive system for the survey of underground environments. An example of an underground system is that of the bottini Senesi, a set of tunnels present in the subsoil of the city of Siena for a total development of 25 km. These ancient underground environments, created in the past for the supply and distribution of drinking water in the city of Siena, represent a complex and articulated structure, and constitute an important hidden heritage of the city. Inside them it is difficult to use topographic survey tools, 3D scanners and RTK (Real-Time Kinematics) due to lack of space, brightness and satellite coverage. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology integrated into Apple iPhone PRO devices was therefore used in some sections of the bottini, where the technologies grouped in a single instrument, which are based on photogrammetry, on LiDAR laser pulses and on data processing through triangular meshing, allow for rapid three-dimensional surveys. The detail of the scans was obtained with the use of an electronic stabilizer, for better fluidity in the survey, and of a LED light for intense and homogeneous illumination. All integrated with metric evaluations carried out with the aid of an electronic range finder to verify the measurements taken. The results present clear colours and shapes, despite the presence of a planimetric deviation of a few centimetres given by various factors such as too sudden scanning movements, lack of effective lighting and/or distant positioning of the photogrammetry targets. The adoption of LiDAR technology on mobile devices, therefore, represents a significant step in the documentation and protection of underground systems, such as the Bottini Senesi, characterized by difficult logistical conditions of detection, and offers new tools for the knowledge and conservation of cultural heritage. The integration of a detailed 3D model with GIS software and 3D modeling platforms facilitates historical, archaeological, geological and structural analysis, supporting and documenting maintenance, restoration and conservation interventions. The data collected can also be used for scientific dissemination and the enhancement of heritage, also through digital reconstructions and virtual tours.